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دراسة تحذر من ظاهرة مناخية "مدمرة" لم تحدث من آلاف السنين - Algerian Express

دراسة تحذر من ظاهرة مناخية “مدمرة” لم تحدث من آلاف السنين


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الجيريان اكسبرس: حذرت دراسة جديدة من عودة حدوث الكوارث الطبيعية، مثل حرائق الغابات في أستراليا أو الفيضانات أو موجات الجفاف، إذا ما أعاد الاحترار العالمي إحياء نمط مناخي مماثل لظاهرة “النينو” في المحيط الهندي على غرار ما يحدث في المحيط الهادئ.

ويقول العلماء في جامعة تكساس” إنه إذا استمرت اتجاهات الاحترار الحالية في المحيط الهندي فإن ظاهرة “النينو” يمكن أن تظهر بحلول 2050″.

وظاهرة “النينو” عبارة عن دورة مناخية في المحيط الهادئ تؤثر على أنماط الطقس في العالم.

وتبدأ الدورة المناخية عندما تتحرك كتل الماء الدافئة في غرب المحيط الهادئ نحو سواحل أميركا الجنوبية، وبالتالي قد تتفاقم الكوارث الطبيعية كالفيضانات والعواصف وموجات الجفاف وتصبح أكثر شيوعا، مما يؤثر بشكل كبير على المناطق الأكثر عرضة للتغير المناخي.

ونقلت صحيفة “ميترو” البريطانية عن الدكتور بيدرو دينيزيو، من جامعة تكساس قوله: “أظهرت نتائج الدراسة التي قمنا بها أن ارتفاع أو انخفاض متوسط درجة الحرارة العالمية لعدة درجات فقط سيدفع المحيط الهندي للعمل تماما مثل المحيطات الاستوائية الأخرى، مع تغير درجات حرارة سطح الماء بمعدلات أقل انتظاما، وتشكل مناخات أكثر تقلبا، وبالتالي حدوث ظاهرة النينو خاصة بالمحيط الهندي.”

وتظهر المحاكاة الحاسوبية لتغير المناخ خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الماضي أن الاحترار العالمي يمكن أن يغير في درجات حرارة سطح المحيط الهندي، مما يجعلها ترتفع وتنخفض من سنة إلى أخرى بشكل أكثر تقلبا مما هي عليه اليوم.

ويشبه نمط التغير في درجة حرارة سطح المحيط الهندي نمط ظاهرة “النينو”، وهي ظاهرة مناخية تحدث في المحيط الهادئ وتؤثر في الطقس على مستوى العالم.
وعثر فريق البحث على أدلة على حدوث ظاهرة “النينو” في المحيط الهندي في الماضي من خلال دراسة كائنات بحرية ميكروسكوبية، تدعى “فورامس”، عاشت منذ 21 ألف سنة، أي في أوج العصر الجليدي الأخير عندما كانت الأرض أكثر برودة.

كذلك قام العلماء بتحليل محاكاة حاسوبية للمناخ، وتجميع البيانات وتصنيفها وفقا لمدى تطابقها مع بيانات الظواهر المناخية الحالية.

وعندما تمت مقارنة البيانات مع معلومات ظواهر الاحترار العالمي، كانت المحاكاة الأكثر دقة هي تلك التي تظهر نشوء ظاهرة “النينو” في المحيط الهندي بحلول عام 2100.

وتعليقا على نتائج الدراسة قال دينيزيو: “الاحتباس الحراري سيخلق في المستقبل كوكبا مختلفا تماما عما نعرفه اليوم، أو ما عرفناه في القرن العشرين”، مشيرا إلى أن النتائج التي تم التوصل لها تكشف أن المحيط الهندي لديه القدرة على إحداث تقلبات مناخية أقوى بكثير مما هي عليه اليوم.

من جانبه قال البروفيسور كاوستوب ثيرومالاي، من جامعة أريزونا، المؤلف المشارك في الدراسة البحثية، إن “الطريقة التي أثرت بها الظروف الجليدية على الرياح وتيارات المحيط في المحيط الهندي في الماضي تشبه الطريقة التي يؤثر بها الاحترار العالمي عليها كما أظهرت المحاكاة الحاسوبية التي قمنا بها”.

وتابع قائلا: “هذا يعني أن التقلبات المناخية التي تتشكل في المحيط الهندي في الوقت الحاضر تبدو وكأنها غير اعتيادية، لكنها ما زالت طفيفة، وذلك لأن الرياح التي تهب من غرب المحيط الهندي باتجاه الشرق، تحافظ على استقرار الظروف المناخية للمحيط.”

وأظهرت المحاكاة الحاسوبية أن الاحترار العالمي يمكن أن يؤدي إلى عكس اتجاه هذه الرياح، أي من الشرق إلى الغرب، مما يؤدي إلى زعزعة استقرار المحيط ودفع المناخ إلى تقلبات في الاحترار والتبريد مشابهة لظاهرتي “النينو” و”النينا” المناخيتين.

ووفق البروفيسور ثيرومالاي فإن حدوث الكوارث الطبيعية مثل الرياح الموسمية يمكن أن تؤثر على سكان المناطق الأكثر عرضة للخطر ممن يعتمدون على الأمطار بشكل رئيسي في الزراعة.

وبدوره قال عالم المحيطات مايكل ماكفادن معلقا على نتائج الدراسة: “إذا استمرت انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في اتجاهاتها الحالية، بحلول نهاية القرن، فإن الأحداث المناخية المتطرفة ستضرب البلدان التي تطل على المحيط الهندي، مثل إندونيسيا وأستراليا وشرق أفريقيا وبوتيرة متزايدة”.

 

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