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اكتشاف طريقة لـ"إعادة برمجة'' دماغك لجعل خيارات الطعام الصحي تبدو أكثر جاذبية! - Algerian Express

اكتشاف طريقة لـ”إعادة برمجة” دماغك لجعل خيارات الطعام الصحي تبدو أكثر جاذبية!


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اقترحت دراسة أن خيارات الطعام الصحي يمكن أن تكون جذابة عن طريق دفع الخلايا العصبية إلى “إعادة برمجة” عقلك لتفضيل الفاكهة على الشوكولاتة على سبيل المثال.

وعندما تواجه قرارا، يتسبب كل خيار بديل في إطلاق مجموعة مختلفة من الخلايا العصبية في دماغك – وكلما كان الخيار أكثر جاذبية، كان هذا النشاط أسرع.

ووجد خبراء من الولايات المتحدة أن هذه الخلايا العصبية ترمز إلى قيم الخيارات المختلفة، بينما يعمل الدماغ للتوصل إلى قرار، وفقا لدراسة أجريت على القرود.

وعلاوة على ذلك، من خلال تغيير نشاط الخلايا العصبية، تمكن الباحثون من التأثير على قرارات القردة وتوجيههم نحو اختيار معين.

وقد تمهد النتائج الطريق لعلاجات جديدة للإدمان واضطرابات الأكل والاكتئاب، وغيرها من الحالات التي تنطوي على اتخاذ قرارات خاطئة.

وقال عالم الأعصاب ومعد الورقة البحثية، كاميلو بادوا سكيوبا، من جامعة واشنطن في سانت لويس: “في عدد من الاضطرابات العقلية والنفسية العصبية، يتخذ المرضى باستمرار خيارات سيئة، لكننا لا نفهم بالضبط السبب. والآن حددنا قطعة واحدة مهمة من هذا اللغز. بينما نلقي الضوء على الآليات العصبية الكامنة وراء الخيارات، سنكتسب فهما أعمق لهذه الاضطرابات”.

وفي عام 2006، كشف البروفيسور بادوا سكيوبا وزملاؤه في ورقة بحثية منشورة في Nature، أنهم اكتشفوا – في منطقة من الدماغ فوق العينين تُعرف باسم “القشرة الأمامية المدارية” – الخلايا العصبية التي تزن كل خيار في اختيار معين.

ومع ذلك، لم يتمكن الباحثون حينها من إثبات أن التقييمات المشفرة في هذه الخلايا العصبية، هي التي أدت مباشرة إلى اتخاذ خيار واحد بدلا من الخيارات الأخرى المتاحة.

وأوضح سكيوبا أن الخلايا العصبية تشفر القيم الذاتية، لكن إشارات القيمة يمكن أن توجه جميع أنواع السلوكيات، وليس مجرد الاختيار.

وفي دراستهم الأخيرة، أجرى الفريق مجموعتين من التجارب على القرود، مع تقديم مشروبين وإعطائها المشروب الذي ألقوا نظرة عليه.

وتميز كل خيار بمشروب مختلف – بما في ذلك عصير الليمون وشاي النعناع والماء المملح وعصير الفاكهة ونكهات مختلفة من العصير – ولكن أيضا بكميات مختلفة.

وبعد تحديد الخلايا العصبية في القشرة الأمامية الحجاجية، التي نشّطت عندما اختار القرد مشروباته، استخدم الفريق بعد ذلك أقطابا مزروعة لتحفيز هذه الخلايا العصبية بشكل غير مؤلم، حيث اتخذت الحيوانات خيارات أخرى.

ووجدوا أن تشغيل تيار منخفض عبر الأقطاب الكهربائية تسبب في إطلاق الخلايا العصبية المشاركة في كلا الخيارين بشكل أسرع.

وفي التجربة الثانية، عُرض على القردة اختيار شراب واحد في كل مرة، وليس معا.

ووجد الفريق أن توصيل تيار أعلى عند عرض خيار واحد أدى إلى تعطيل عملية تعيين القيمة – ما يجعل القرد أكثر احتمالا لاختيار الخيار الآخر بدلا من ذلك.

ولا تثبت النتائج فقط أن القيم التي تتم معالجتها في الخلايا العصبية في القشرة الأمامية المدارية، هي مفتاح اتخاذ القرار، ولكن يمكن أيضا التلاعب بها.

وقال سكيوبا: “عندما يتعلق الأمر بهذا النوع من الخيارات، فإن دماغ القرد والدماغ البشري يبدوان متشابهين للغاية. نعتقد أن هذه الدائرة العصبية نفسها تكمن وراء جميع أنواع الخيارات التي يتخذها الأشخاص كما بين أطباق مختلفة في قائمة مطعم أو استثمارات مالية أو مرشحين في الانتخابات”.

وأضاف: “حتى قرارات الحياة الرئيسية مثل أي مهنة تختار أو من تتزوج، ربما تستخدم هذه الدائرة. وفي كل مرة يعتمد الاختيار على تفضيلات ذاتية، تكون هذه الدائرة العصبية مسؤولة عنه”.

ونُشرت النتائج الكاملة للدراسة في مجلة Nature.

المصدر: ديلي ميل

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