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العلماء يكشفون عن تفاصيل مثيرة حول الكويكب الذي قضى على الديناصورات قبل 66 مليون عام - Algerian Express

العلماء يكشفون عن تفاصيل مثيرة حول الكويكب الذي قضى على الديناصورات قبل 66 مليون عام


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الجيريان اكسبرس: توصلت دراسة جديدة إلى أن المذنب الذي قضى على الديناصورات قبل 66 مليون سنة، قطع 186 مليار ميل قبل أن يضغط عليه كوكب المشتري ويدفعه نحو الأرض.

ويعتقد علماء هارفارد أن الصخرة الفضائية التي يبلغ عرضها 10 أميال، بدأت كحطام من سحابة أورت على حافة النظام الشمسي.
وتقول نظريتهم الجديدة إن كوكب المشتري سحب الصخرة الفضائية من مداره قبل أن تمزقها الشمس وترسل قطعا صغيرة منها إلى الأرض.

وقال كبير علماء الفلك بجامعة هارفارد آفي لوب، وعالم الفيزياء الفلكية أمير سراج، إن تنبؤاتهما تتطابق مع تواريخ الحفر الضخمة الأخرى على الأرض.

وأوضح سراج: “في الأساس، يعمل المشتري كنوع من آلات الكرة والدبابيس (إحدى لعب الممرات، حيث يحاول اللاعب تسجيل النقاط عن طريق التلاعب بكرة معدنية تكون موضوعة داخل صندوق مغطى بالزجاج ويسمى بجهاز الكرة والدبابيس)”.

وتابع: “كوكب المشتري يركل هذه المذنبات القادمة ذات الفترة المدارية الطويلة، إلى مدارات تجعلها قريبة جدا من الشمس”.

ويحيط الغموض بأصل التأثير المدمر للكويكب قبل 66 مليون سنة، والذي تسبب في انقراض الديناصورات.

وشهد تصادم الكويكب تشيكشولوب بالأرض، انقراض ما يقارب ثلاثة أرباع جميع أنواع النباتات والحيوانات على كوكبنا.

وأشارت دراسات سابقة إلى أن الحفرة الناتجة عن الاصطدام قبالة سواحل المكسيك والتي تمتد على مسافة 93 ميلا وتصل إلى عمق 12 ميلا، والتي تحمل اسم “حفرة تشيكشولوب” جاءت من حزام الكويكبات بين المريخ والمشتري.
لكن الدراسة الجديدة زعمت الآن أن جزءا كبيرا من الكويكب القاتل للديناصورات كان “راعي الشمس” من سحابة أورت.

وذلك هو الحطام الموجود على حافة النظام الشمسي على بعد 186 مليار ميل والذي ينتهي به المطاف حول الشمس كمذنبات.

واقترحت حسابات البروفيسور لوب وسراج أن نحو 20% من “المذنبات ذات الفترات المدارية الطويلة” تصبح راعية للشمس، وهو ما يتناسب مع نتائج الأبحاث السابقة.

وأظهر تحليلهم الإحصائي ومحاكاة الجاذبية أن بإمكانهم الاصطدام بالأرض كل 250 إلى 730 مليون سنة.

وهذا أكثر بعشر مرات من التقديرات الحالية، وزعموا أن هناك تطابقا مع تأريخ حفر ضخمة أخرى على الأرض.

وقال العلماء في الورقة البحثية: “تتنبأ فرضيتنا بأن فوهات أخرى بحجم تشيككسولوب على الأرض من المرجح أن تتوافق مع تصادم بتكوين بدائي (كوندريت كربوني، فئة من النيازك الغضروفية) أكثر مما هو متوقع من كويكبات الحزام الرئيسي التقليدية”.

وتستغرق المذنبات طويلة الفترة المدارية 200 عام على الأقل لتدور حول الشمس، وتأتي من منطقة في النظام الشمسي تُعرف باسم سحابة أورت.

ويُعتقد أن السحابة موجودة بين 2000 و100 ألف وحدة فلكية بعيدا عن الشمس (كل وحدة فلكية هي متوسط ​​المسافة بين الأرض والشمس، أو حوالي 93 مليون ميل).

وتُعرف المذنبات التي تمر بهذا القرب من الشمس باسم “مذنبات راعي الشمس”.
وأوضح سراج: “في حدث مذنب راعي الشمس، يشعر جزء المذنب القريب من الشمس بقوة جاذبية أقوى من الجزء الأبعد، ما يؤدي إلى قوة المد والجزر عبر الجسم. ويمكنك الحصول على ما يسمى بحدث اضطراب المد، حيث ينقسم مذنب كبير إلى العديد من القطع الأصغر. والأهم من ذلك، في رحلة العودة إلى سحابة أورت، هناك احتمال بأن إحدى هذه الشظايا تصطدم بالأرض”.

وأضاف البروفيسور لوب: “توفر ورقتنا أساسا لشرح وقوع هذا الحدث. نقترح، في الواقع، أنه إذا قمت بتفكيك جسم ما عندما يقترب من الشمس، فقد يؤدي ذلك إلى معدل الحدث المناسب وأيضا نوع التأثير الذي قتل الديناصورات”.

تُظهر الورقة المنشورة في Nature’s Scientific Reports حسابات جديدة تزيد من احتمالية اصطدام مذنب طويل الأمد بالأرض بمقدار 10 أضعاف.

كما يشير أيضا إلى أن مادة الكوندريت الكربونية التي صنع منها المذنب القاتل للديناصورات توجد بشكل أكثر شيوعا في سحابة أورت، وهو أمر يأمل العالمان في دراسته أكثر.

المصدر: ديلي ستار

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