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Notice: Function _load_textdomain_just_in_time was called incorrectly. Translation loading for the redux-framework domain was triggered too early. This is usually an indicator for some code in the plugin or theme running too early. Translations should be loaded at the init action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home1/express/public_html/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6131

Notice: Function _load_textdomain_just_in_time was called incorrectly. Translation loading for the redux-framework domain was triggered too early. This is usually an indicator for some code in the plugin or theme running too early. Translations should be loaded at the init action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home1/express/public_html/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6131

Notice: Function _load_textdomain_just_in_time was called incorrectly. Translation loading for the wp-plugin-hostgator domain was triggered too early. This is usually an indicator for some code in the plugin or theme running too early. Translations should be loaded at the init action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home1/express/public_html/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6131

Notice: Function _load_textdomain_just_in_time was called incorrectly. Translation loading for the wp-plugin-hostgator domain was triggered too early. This is usually an indicator for some code in the plugin or theme running too early. Translations should be loaded at the init action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home1/express/public_html/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6131

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حل لغز اختلاف مخ الإنسان عن القرود - Algerian Express

حل لغز اختلاف مخ الإنسان عن القرود


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اكتشف علماء بريطانيون السبب وراء كبر حجم دماغ الإنسان مقارنة بالقرود، واتضح لهؤلاء أن السر في ذلك يعود إلى معدل تحول الخلايا الجذعية أثناء تكون الدماغ في الأجنة.

وتوصل علماء الأحياء البريطانيون إلى استنتاج مثير يقول إن “الإنسان يتفوق على الشمبانزي والقرود الأخرى في حجم المخ وعدد الخلايا العصبية بسبب الاختلافات في طبيعة عمل الجين (ZEB2) ومناطق الحمض النووي الأخرى التي تتحكم في تحول الخلايا الجذعية للجهاز العصبي”.

وذكر العلماء البريطانيون في دراسة نشرت في المجلة المتخصصة “Cell” أن جينومات البشر والشمبانزي تتطابق بنسبة 99٪، لكن أجهزتها العصبية تتطور بطرق مختلفة تماما، وتعاني من مشاكل مختلفة في الشيخوخة. على وجه الخصوص، فإن دماغ الإنسان أكبر بشكل ملحوظ، وتوجد خلايا عصبية أكثر ثلاثة أضعاف مما في الحيوانات العليا، على الرغم من التصميم المتطابق تقريبا للجينات التي تتحكم في نموه.

وأفيد بأن دماغ جميع أنواع الثدييات يتكون على عدة مراحل، وكل منها يتضمن أنواعا مختلفة من الخلايا الجذعية، وهي تتحول تدريجيا إلى النوع التالي من “الفراغات” للخلايا العصبية. هذه الخلايا الجذعية لها أشكال وخصائص مختلفة، كما أنها تختلف بشكل ملحوظ عن بعضها البعض من حيث نشاط الجينات.

درس الباحثون تحول هذه الجينات بالتفصيل في تجارب على أجنة الفئران وحيوانات مختبرات خرى. ومع ذلك، لم يعرف العلماء شيئا تقريبا عن كيفية حدوث هذه العملية بالضبط داخل أجنة البشر والقردة العليا.

في ورقة بحثية جديدة عرضت، مادلين لانكستر من جامعة كامبريدج وزملاؤها إجابة عن هذا السؤال، وفي سياق دراسة، أجبروا الخلايا الجذعية على إجراء هذه التحولات في وسط غذائي يحاكي الظروف داخل الجنين، وحصلوا نتيجة لذلك على شكل مصغر للدماغ.

ومن خلال مراقبة هذه العملية، وجد العلماء أن القرود والخلايا العصبية البشرية قد تحولت بشكل أبطأ بشكل ملحوظ من الفئران والجرذان، وبفضل هذا الأمر، يمكنها التكاثر لفترة أطول وتشكيل المزيد من الخلايا العصبية بشكل ملحوظ. ويحدث هذا التحول في المتوسط في أجنة القوارض في أقل من يوم، وفي الشمبانزي والغوريلا في غضون خمسة أيام، وفي البشر يحصل خلال سبعة أيام.

بمقارنة نشاط الجينات في “الفراغات” للخلايا العصبية لدى الرئيسيات والخلايا البشرية في مراحل مختلفة من النمو ، وجدت لانكستر وزملاؤها أن الاختلافات في وقت تحولها إلى أنواع أخرى من الخلايا كانت مرتبطة بالتناقضات في طبيعة النشاط من جين “ZEB2” ومناطق الحمض النووي المرتبطة به.

ويلعب هذا الجين دورا مهما في تحول بعض أنواع الخلايا الجذعية إلى أخرى، وكذلك في العمليات الأخرى المرتبطة بتكوين الجهاز العصب، وقد اتضح أن هذا الجين في خلايا الشمبانزي والغوريلا، يتم تنشيطه في وقت أبكر من الفراغات الموجودة في الخلايا العصبية البشرية.

واختبر علماء الأحياء ما يحدث إذا جرى إبطاء تنشيطه في خلايا الغوريلا بشكل مصطنع أو تم تشغيله بالقوة في فراغات الخلايا العصبية البشرية.

وتبين إثر ذلك أن حجم التناظرية المصغرة لدماغ الغوريلا زاد بشكل ملحوظ، وأدى التنشيط الإجباري لـ ZEB2 في الخلايا الجذعية البشرية إلى النتيجة معاكسة.

وخلص العلماء إلى أن أن التغييرات في طبيعة نشاط جين “ZEB2” ومناطق الحمض النووي المرتبطة بها، كانت إحدى الخطوات التطورية الرئيسية في زيادة حجم دماغ الإنسان العاقل.

المصدر: تاس

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